x = 7
is an expression that assigns x the value seven. This expression itself evaluates to seven. Such expressions use assignment operators. On the other hand, the expression 3 + 4
simply evaluates to seven; it does not perform an assignment. The operators used in such expressions are referred to simply as operators.
JavaScript has the following types of expressions:
(condition) ? val1 : val2If condition is true, the expression has the value of val1. Otherwise it has the value of val2. You can use a conditional expression anywhere you would use a standard expression. For example,
status = (age >= 18) ? "adult" : "minor"This statement assigns the value "adult" to the variable status if age is eighteen or greater. Otherwise, it assigns the value "minor" to status.
operand1 operator operand2For example,
3+4
or x*y
.
A unary operator requires a single operand, either before or after the operator:
operator operandor
operand operatorFor example,
x++
or ++x
.
Implemented in Navigator 2.0An assignment operator assigns a value to its left operand based on the value of its right operand. The basic assignment operator is equal (=), which assigns the value of its right operand to its left operand. That is, x = y assigns the value of y to x.
The other operators are shorthand for standard operations, as shown in the following table:
Comparison operators
Implemented in Navigator 2.0
A comparison operator compares its operands and returns a logical value based on whether the comparison is true or not. The operands can be numerical or string values. When used on string values, the comparisons are based on the standard lexicographical ordering. They are described in the following table.
Arithmetic operators
Arithmetic operators take numerical values (either literals or variables) as their operands and return a single numerical value. The standard arithmetic operators are addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (*), and division (/). These operators work as they do in other programming languages.
Modulus (%)
Implemented in Navigator 2.0
The modulus operator is used as follows:
var1 % var2
The modulus operator returns the first operand modulo the second operand, that is, var1 modulo var2, in the preceding statement, where var1 and var2 are variables. The modulo function is the remainder of integrally dividing var1 by var2. For example, 12 % 5 returns 2.
Increment (++)
Implemented in Navigator 2.0
The increment operator is used as follows:
var++
or ++var
This operator increments (adds one to) its operand and returns a value. If used postfix, with operator after operand (for example, x++), then it returns the value before incrementing. If used prefix with operator before operand (for example, ++x), then it returns the value after incrementing.
For example, if x is three, then the statement y = x++
sets y to three and
increments x to four. If x is three, then the statement y = ++x
increments x to four and sets y to four.
Decrement (--)
Implemented in Navigator 2.0
The decrement operator is used as follows:
var--
or --var
This operator decrements (subtracts one from) its operand and returns a value. If used postfix (for example, x--), then it returns the value before decrementing. If used prefix (for example, --x), then it returns the value after decrementing.
For example, if x is three, then the statement y = x--
sets y to three and decrements x to two. If x is three, then the statement y = --x
decrements x to two and sets y to two.
Unary negation (-)
Implemented in Navigator 2.0
The unary negation precedes its operand and negates it. For example, x = -x
negates the value of x; that is, if x were three, it would become -3.
Bitwise operators
Bitwise operators treat their operands as a set of bits (zeros and ones), rather than as decimal, hexadecimal, or octal numbers. For example, the decimal number nine has a binary representation of 101. Bitwise operators perform their operations on such binary representations, but they return standard JavaScript numerical values.
The following table summarizes JavaScript's bitwise operators
Bitwise logical operators
Implemented in Navigator 2.0
The bitwise logical operators work conceptually as follows:
Implemented in Navigator 2.0The bitwise shift operators take two operands: the first is a quantity to be shifted, and the second specifies the number of bit positions by which the first operand is to be shifted. The direction of the shift operation is controlled by the operator used.
Shift operators convert their operands to thirty-two-bit integers and return a result of the same type as the left operator.
Left shift
This operator shifts the first operand the specified number of bits to the left. Excess bits shifted off to the left are discarded. Zero bits are shifted in from the right.
For example, 9<<2 yields thirty-six, because 1001 shifted two bits to the left becomes 100100, which is thirty-six.
Sign-propagating right shift
This operator shifts the first operand the specified number of bits to the right. Excess bits shifted off to the right are discarded. Copies of the leftmost bit are shifted in from the left.
For example, 9>>2 yields two, because 1001 shifted two bits to the right becomes 10, which is two. Likewise, -9>>2 yields -3, because the sign is preserved.
Zero-fill right shift
This operator shifts the first operand the specified number of bits to the right. Excess bits shifted off to the right are discarded. Zero bits are shifted in from the left.
For example, 19>>>2 yields four, because 10011 shifted two bits to the right becomes 100, which is four. For non-negative numbers, zero-fill right shift and sign-propagating right shift yield the same result.
Logical operators
Implemented in Navigator 2.0
Logical operators take Boolean (logical) values as operands and return a Boolean value. They are described in the following table.
Short-circuit evaluation
As logical expressions are evaluated left to right, they are tested for possible "short-circuit" evaluation using the following rules:
Implemented in Navigator 2.0In addition to the comparison operators, which can be used on string values, the concatenation operator (+) concatenates two string values together, returning another string that is the union of the two operand strings. For example,
"my " + "string"
returns the string "my string".
The shorthand assignment operator += can also be used to concatenate strings. For example, if the variable mystring has the value "alpha," then the expression mystring += "bet"
evaluates to "alphabet" and assigns this value to mystring.
Special operators
new
Implemented in Navigator 2.0
You can use the new operator to create an instance of a user-defined object type. Use new as follows:
objectName = new objectType ( param1 [,param2] ...[,paramN] )
For more information, see "new".
typeOf
Implemented in Navigator 3.0
The typeOf operator is used in either of the following ways:
1. typeof operand
The typeOf operator returns a string indicating the type of the unevaluated operand. operand is the string, variable, keyword, or object for which the type is to be returned. The parentheses are optional.
Suppose you define the following variables:
2. typeof (operand)var myFun = new Function("5+2")
The typeof operator returns the following results for these variables:
var shape="round"
var size=1
var today=new Date()typeof myFun is object
For the keywords true and null, the typeof operator returns the following results:
typeof shape is string
typeof size is number
typeof today is object
typeof dontExist is undefinedtypeof true is boolean
For a number or string, the typeof operator returns the following results:
typeof null is objecttypeof 62 is number
For property values, the typeof operator returns the type of value the property contains:
typeof 'Hello world' is stringtypeof document.lastModified is string
For methods and functions, the typeof operator returns results as follows:
typeof window.length is number
typeof Math.LN2 is numbertypeof blur is function
For objects, the typeof operator returns results as follows:
typeof eval is function
typeof parseInt is function
typeof split is undefinedtypeof Date is function
typeof Function is function
typeof Math is function
typeof Option is function
typeof String is function void
Implemented in Navigator 3.0
The void operator is used in either of the following ways:
1. javascript:void (expression)
The void operator specifies an expression to be evaluated without returning a value. expression is a JavaScript expression to evaluate. The parentheses surrounding the expression are optional, but it is good style to use them.
You can use the void operator to specify an expression as a hypertext link. The expression is evaluated but is not loaded in place of the current document.
The following code creates a hypertext link that does nothing when the user clicks it. When the user clicks the link,
2. javascript:void expressionvoid(0)
evaluates to 0
, but that has no effect in JavaScript.
<A HREF="javascript:void(0)">Click here to do nothing</A>
The following code creates a hypertext link that submits a form when the user clicks it.
<A HREF="javascript:void(document.form.submit())">Click here to submit</A>
For information on creating hypertext links, see "Area" and "Link object".
Operator precedence
The precedence of operators determines the order they are applied when evaluating an expression. You can override operator precedence by using parentheses.
The following table describes the precedence of operators, from lowest to highest: